Variable Overall HMC Population (n=411) Participants who developed GDM (n=39) Participants who did not (n=357) P Value
GDM (15 missing the outcome) 39 (9.49%) Yes / 357 (86.86%) No / 15 Missing
Age at Consent 29.65 (5.26) 30.51 (4.72) 29.46 (5.33) 0.24
BMI at Study Entry 27.72 (6.86) 31.58 (8.53) 27.22 (6.53) 0.003*
Hispanic (Y/N) 71 Y (17.27%) / 340 N (82.73%) 7 (17.95%) Yes / 32 (82.05%) No 63 (17.65%) Yes / 294 (82.35%) No 0.96
Race 0.79
Asian 10 (2.43%) 0 9 (2.52%)
Black 67 (16.30%) 5 (12.82%) 59 (16.53%)
Native American/Alaskan Native 4 (0.97%) 1 (2.56%) 3 (0.84%)
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 4 (0.97%) 0 4 (1.12%)
White 293 (71.29%) 31 (79.49%) 251 (70.31%)
Mixed White and Black 7 (1.70%) 0 7 (1.96%)
Other 18 (4.38%) 1 (2.56%) 17 (4.76%)
Refused 8 (1.95%) 1 (2.56%) 7 (1.96%)
Education 0.16
Missing 4 (0.97%) 0 4 (1.12%)
8th Grade or less 4 (0.97%) 1 (2.56%) 3 (0.84%)
9th - 12th Grade, No Diploma 23 (5.60%) 3 (7.69%) 20 (5.60%)
HS Graduate or GED Completed 61 (14.84%) 5 (12.82%) 54 (15.13%)
Some College, but no degree 64 (15.57%) 5 (12.82%) 56 (15.69%)
Associate/technical degree 29 (7.06%) 7 (17.95%) 20 (5.60%)
Bachelor's degree 115 (27.98%) 9 (23.08%) 103 (28.85%)
Master's degree 66 (16.06%) 4 (10.26%) 58 (16.25%)
Doctorate (eg: PhD, EdD) or Professional degree 45 (10.95%) 5 (12.82%) 39 (10.92%)
Parity 273 (66.42%) No to ever been pregnant 6 (15.38%) No to ever been pregnant 120 (33.61%) No to ever been pregnant 0.02*
Smoking
3 Months Prior to Preg 63 (15.33% out of 411 and 46.67% of the 135 that said they smoked in their life) 6 (15.38% out of 39 and 60% of the 10 that said they smoked ever in their life) 56 (15.69% out of 357 and 47.46% of the 118 that said they smoked ever in their life 0.52
Ever 135 (32.85%) 10 (25.64%) 118 (33.05%) 0.37
Waist:Hip Ratio at study entry 0.91 (0.09) with 11 Missing 0.92 (0.04) with 2 Missing 0.91 (0.10) with 8 Missing 0.65
Systolic BP at V1 113.34 (12.60) 115.85 (15.55) 113.10 (12.12) 0.29
Diastolic BP at V1 67.92 (8.67) 70.13 (9.14) 67.76 (8.62) 0.11
HR at V1 78.16 (10.57) with 8 Missing 78.00 (9.86) 78.26 (10.61) with 8 Missing 0.88
HbA1c at V1 5.09 (0.30) with 1 Missing 5.24 (0.31) 5.07 (0.29) with 1 Missing <0.001*
Fructosamine at V1 231.15 (19.12) with 9 Missing 232.55 (21.37) with 1 Missing 231.05 (18.85) with 8 Missing 0.65
Lipid panel results from V1
Cholesterol 195.12 (37.08) with 11 Missing 206.41 (43.28) 193.99 (36.51) with 11 Missing 0.12
Triglyceride 136.38 (55.36) with 11 Missing 156.85 (62.00) 134.16 (54.55) with 11 Missing 0.022*
HDL 67.53 (14.50) with 11 Missing 66.54 (15.11) 67.73 (14.57) with 11 Missing 0.62
LDL 100.53 (29.77) with 13 Missing 108.56 (36.94) 99.66 (28.99) with 13 Missing 0.15
Total Chol/HDL ratio 2.73 (0.93) with 11 Missing 2.73 (1.03) 2.72 (0.93) with 11 Missing 0.89
Blood Glucose Value 80.17 (17.54) with 93 Missing 85.90 (14.45) 79.96 (17.75) with 80 Missing 0.025*
EPDS at V1 (n of 10 or higher) 57 (13.87%) with 14 Missing 5 (12.82%) with 2 Missing 50 (14.00%) with 12 Missing 0.88
Family History of Diabetes 221 (53.77%) Yes 24 (61.54%) Yes 184 (51.54%) Yes 0.64
Prior history of gestational diabetes 18 (4.38%) Yes 11 (28.21%) Yes 7 (1.96%) Yes <0.0001*
Language of surveys 381 (92.70%) English / 30 (7.30%) Spanish 36 (92.31%) English / 3 (7.69%) Spanish 330 (92.44%) English / 27 (7.56%) Spanish 1.00
Prior Dx of PCOS 6 (1.46%) with Previous Dx 1 (2.56%) with Previous Dx 4 (1.12%) with Previous Dx 0.41
Prior Dx of Chronic HTN 12 (2.92%) with Previous Dx 5 (12.82%) with Previous Dx 7 (1.96%) with Previous Dx 0.0034*
Prior Dx of Sleep Apnea 4 (0.97%) with Previous Dx 1 (2.56%) with Previous Dx 3 (0.84%) with Previous Dx 0.34
Prior Dx of Depression or Anxiety 82 (19,95%) with Previous Dx 6 (15.38%) with Previous Dx 72 (20.17%) with Previous Dx 0.67
Prior Dx of Asthma 46 (11.19%) with Previous Dx 2 (5.13%) with Previous Dx 40 (11.20%) with Previous Dx 0.40
Prior Dx of Kidney Disease 22 (5.35%) with Previous Dx 3 (7.69%) with Previous Dx 19 (5.32%) with Previous Dx 0.47
% with smartphone 396 (96.35%) Yes / 7 (1.70%) No / 8 Missing 38 (97.44%) Yes / 1 Missing 343 (96.08%) Yes / 7 (1.96%) No / 7 Missing 1.00
Intention to become pregnant 306 (74.45%) Yes / 94 (22.87%) No / 11 Missing 28 (71.79%) Yes / 10 (25.64%) No / 1 Missing 268 (75.07%) Yes / 79 (22.13%) No / 10 Missing 0.68
Perceived stress scale Score at V1 12.19 (6.37) with 11 Missing 12.13 (6.44) with 1 Missing 12.13 (6.46) with 10 Missing 0.99
WHIIRS Score at V1 7.96 (4.78) with 23 Missing 9.62 (5.09) with 2 Missing 7.80 (4.71) with 20 Missing 0.028*
Berlin Sleep Questionnaire Score at V1
Cat 1 0.42 (0.91) 0.51 (0.85) 0.39 (0.90) 0.14
Cat 2 0.89 (0.99) 1.03 (1.06) 0.88 (0.98) 0.43
Cat 3 0.04 (0.19) 0.05 (0.22) 0.04 (0.19) 0.65
Three Factor Eating Questionnaire Score at V1
Cognitive Restraint Scale Score 36.86 (18.08) with 11 Missing 36.64 (15.59) with 1 Missing 36.80 (18.53) with 10 Missing 0.96
Uncontrolled Eating Scale Score 29.39 (16.89) with 12 Missing 26.80 (15.94) with 1 Missing 29.49 (17.02) with 11 Missing 0.35
Emotional Eating Scale Score 25.92 (24.52) with 12 Missing 25.44 (25.56) with 1 Missing 25.46 (24.35) with 11 Missing 0.86
Early pregnancy ASA-24 Healthy Eating Index 2015 score 51.98 (13.57) with 153 missing 51.12 (10.95) with 10 missing 51.73 (13.74) with 133 missing 0.81
PES hassle to uplift ratio (like we did with the nuMoM2b data) from V1
PES Hassles/Uplifts, Frequency Ratio 0.84 (0.35) with 351 Missing 0.81 (0.25) with 32 Missing 0.82 (0.34) with 306 Missing 0.962
PES Hassles/Uplifts, Intensity Ratio 0.75 (0.28) with 352 Missing 0.60 (0.14) with 32 Missing 0.76 (0.29) with 307 Missing 0.154
ACE survey score at V4 1.47 (1.91) with 137 Missing 1.03 (1.47) with 9 Missing 1.55 (1.96) with 119 Missing 0.138
Any COVID-19 infection before/during pregnancy 38 (9.25%) Yes / 268 (65.21%) No / 89 (21.65%) Before COVID / 16 Missing 6 (15.38%) Yes / 25 (64.10%) No / 8 (20.51%) Before COVID 32 (8.96%) Yes / 243 (68.07%) No / 79 (22.13%) Before Covid / 3 Missing 0.445
Ever been diagnosed with “pre-diabetes” 16 (3.89%) Yes 4 (10.26%) Yes 12 (3.36%) Yes 0.057
Taking a vitamin (Multi or prenatal) 391 (95.13%) Yes 39 (100%) Yes 337 (94.40%) Yes 0.241
Diagnosed with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy 110 (26.76%) Yes 17 (43.59%) Yes 93 (26.05%) Yes 0.02*
EGA at delivery 39.49 (2.45) with 5 Missing 38.52 (2.12) 39.59 (2.48) with 1 Missing 0.01*
Preterm Delivery based on Delivery EGA (<37.0 Weeks) 32 (7.79%) Yes 7 (17.95%) Yes 25 (7.00%) Yes 0.059
Cesarean Delivery 52 (12.65%) Scheduled Cesarean Section / 64 (15.57%) Unplanned Cesarean Section 8 (20.51%) Scheduled Cesarean Section / 4 (10.26%) Unplanned Cesarean Section 44 (12.32%) Scheduled Cesarean Scetion / 60 (16.81%) Unplanned Cesarean Section 0.113